Conditions Can Affect The Maintenance Arterial Oxygenation - 825 Words

Conditions That Can Affect the Maintenance of Arterial Oxygenation (Essay Sample) Content: Conditions That Can Affect the Maintenance of Arterial OxygenationStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationConditions That Can Affect the Maintenance of Arterial OxygenationIn biology, Oxygenation refers to the addition of oxygen gas to the human body. In the human body, arteries are responsible for the transfer of oxygenated blood and nutrients to all cells save for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries. Arteries have a higher blood pressure than all other body parts, and this blood pressure produces a pulse that pushes blood to all regions of the human body. While arterial oxygenation plays an indispensable role in the human body, it is affected by a number of conditions such as sleep apnea and atherosclerosis.Sleep ApneaFirstly, apnea is one of the most immediate conditions that influence the maintenance of arterial oxygenation and carbon dioxide excretion in the human body. Usually caused by a soft tissue at the back of the throat that blocks the nasal passage and blo cks the flow of oxygen, sleep apnea affects millions of Americans every year. It may also occur as central sleep disorder, a less prevalent form of sleep apnea caused by the failure of the brain to signal muscles that are responsible of breathing. However, despite the high prevalence of this disorder, many people are unaware that they are affected by the disease since the obstructed breathing does not trigger a full awakening. The disorder can affect people of any age, gender, and weight, but it is most prevalent in those who are obese, male, smokers and users of alcohol, and adults over 40 years (Peters, 2016).In its mild form, sleep apnea makes victims unable to rest no matter how much sleep they get. If left untreated, the disorder becomes a serious condition, causing patients to stop breathing many times during their sleep and ultimately affects the balance of arterial oxygenation. Notably, patients with sleep apnea experience a narrowing and collapse of the upper airway muscle tone accompanied by rapid drops in the blood oxygen level to values below 92 percent ("Understanding sleep apnea with oxygen saturation", 2017). Consequently, carbon dioxide builds up in the body; leading to morning headaches, sleepiness during the day, and fatigue. While any value of oxygen level below 88 percent is considered abnormal, the number and time period spent by a patient with abnormal oxygen levels is also critical (Peters, 2016). For instance, patients who desaturate to values below 92 percent only once during their sleep should not worry. However, long-term oxygen deficiency causes adverse conditions such as heart rhythm complications, fluid buildup in the body, and an increase of pressure on the right side of the heart. The good news is that sleep apnea can be Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy to increase oxygen levels to the normal values ("Understanding sleep apnea with oxygen saturation", 2017).AtherosclerosisAlso known as hardening of the arteries , atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by thickening of arteries, deposits of plaque, cells, and cholesterol in the inner linings of blood vessels ("What is atherosclerosis?", 2016). Since arteries are responsible for the distribution of oxygenated blood to all body parts, plaque buildup narrows the openings of arteries and blood vessels; reducing blood flow and the supply of oxygen to body cells. While the complication is slow and starts in childhood, it progresses with age and adversely affects the maintenance of arterial oxygenation, particularly when patients reach their 50s or 60s ("Atherosclerosis and stroke", 2014). As cholesterol, platelets, and cellular debris deposit in the endothelium, the artery wall is stimulated to produce other materials that accumulate, shrink the diameter of arteries, and reduce the supply of oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body. While some risks for atherosclerosis such as family history cannot be changed, ot hers such as lack of physical exercise, poor diet, and smoking can be avoided. The disease may also be caused by chronic exposure to ambient levels of carbon dioxide, a gas that usually causes adverse effects to the maintenance of oxygen in the cardiovascular system. More often than not, patients continue living with the disease without their knowledge, and it only becomes known when plaques rupture; leading to the formation of blood clots that prevent the flow of blood to other parts of the human body ("Atherosclerosis and stroke", 2014). Clotting of blood in arteries cause heart attac...

Organizational Culture and Its Importance - 2624 Words

There is no single definition for organizational culture. The topic has been studied from a variety of perspectives ranging from disciplines such as anthropology and sociology, to the applied disciplines of organizational behaviour, management science, and organizational communication. Some of the definitions are listed below: A set of common understandings around which action is organized; finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group (Becker and Geer 1960). A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis 1980). A system of knowledge, of standards for†¦show more content†¦The explicit social products produced by subcultures within organizations can be widely diverse and even result in countercultures. Countercultures can have both productive and unproductive outcomes. Perhaps the key to a countercultures success (i.e., the promulgation of its ideology, values and norms) is the groups ability to demonstrate how its idiosyncrasies are consonant with the core ideologies, values and norms of the dominant culture. THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN THE ORGANIZATIONS OVERALL CULTURE AND ITS SUBCULTURES Some people may debate which comes first in an organization: the organizational culture or the organizations subcultures. The question that is relevant to the definition of Organizational Culture is how do the ideologies, values, and norms of subcultures compliment the organizational culture advocated by leadership? Explaining this relationship requires an understanding that cultures provide members with a reliable means to interpret a highly ambiguous environment. It is the leaders responsibility to specify the features of the environment that are relevant to the organization and then provide the supporting assumptions and rationale for its operating strategies. The leaders cultural messages should address ambiguities that are beyond the scope of any organizational subculture to explain to employees. Leaders should recognize that their cultural messages should specifically address culturalShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Culture And Organizational Culture1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of culture in the organization The organization culture as a leadership concept has been identified as one of the many components that leaders can use to grow a dynamic organization. Leadership in organizations starts the culture formation process by imposing their assumptions and expectations on their followers. Once culture is established and accepted, they become a strong leadership tool to communicate the leader s beliefs and values to organizational members, and especially newRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Its Importance2639 Words   |  11 PagesThere is no single definition for organizational culture. 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A Short Note On The And Indian War - 1356 Words

Navigation acts 1651 The Navigation act prohibited the use of foreign ships for trade between the colonies, other than Britain. The reason for the mercantilism was to keep all benefits in the empire. It was passed in 1651, but was renewed in 1660, 1663, 1670, and 1673. It was passed because of the deterioration of English trade after the Eighty Years’ War. The colonists followed the act except for the molasses part and starting smuggling goods that were taxed by the molasses act. The Navigation act and success from smuggling goods become a spark for rebellion. â€Å"For cutting of trade our trade with all parts of the world† ( ¶ 18) this quote is directly related to the Navigation act because Great Britain cut off trade with all parts of the†¦show more content†¦He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations. ( ¶9) This relates to French and Indian war/ the port because the reason for fighting the Indians was for more settling. Once the colonists won the land they were told that they could not settle there. Writs of Assistance 1761 The Writs of Assistance was a law passed by the British in the year 1761. It allowed loyalists with search warrants to enter homes or buildings to search for smuggled goods. The reason that the law was passed was because the colonists were paying the taxes and instead smuggling goods. The British established the rule to prevent the colonists from smuggling goods. Colonists reacted angrily because they believed search their house without their consent went against their natural rights. â€Å"He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.† ( ¶26) Writs of assistance violated colonial privacy and it changed the life of the colonists. If a colonial house is looked at like a sea then plundering the seas and ravaging the coasts are the equivalent of stealing (plundering) and controlling the area around (ravaging the coasts). Boston Tea Party/Boston Port Act 1763 and 1774 In December of 1763 colonists dressed up as Indians and marched to British ships in

Nickel and Dimed Book Reflection free essay sample

Although the pathway model is primarily focused on the potential effects of poverty on children, the model can also be applied to adults. Because of this, I found that the research presented by Seccombe on the pathways to poverty paralleled many of the experiences that Ehrenreich faced in her endeavor to make ends meet as a minimum-wage worker.Most of the connections I made between Seccombe’s research and Ehrenreich’s experiences fell under the pathway of â€Å"Housing Problems,† in which there were several similarities between the two. Seccombe (2006) writes that â€Å"the United States currently faces a severely limited supply of affordable housing units† (p. 73). Ehrenreich, in her attempt to find somewhat affordable housing, definitely experienced the effects of this housing shortage.For instance, in order to pay only $500 dollars a month as opposed to $675 dollars in Key West, she had to move even further away from town, resulting in a commute that would take approximately forty-five minutes (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 12). In Portland, Maine, Ehrenreich comes across the same dilemma when trying to find affordable housing located near town. She found that â€Å"the only low-rent options seem to be clustered in an area about a thirty-minute drive south† (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 5). One can only imagine the additional costs that would be incurred if a person even deeper in poverty could not afford the luxury of a car for transportation purposes. Ehrenreich encountered the most difficulties finding housing, and specifically affordable housing, in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Of her intense search, she writes: â€Å"The vacancy rate is less than 1 percent, and if we’re talking about affordable, why it might be as low as a tenth of that.Listings in the Star Tribune are meager or nonexistent† (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 138). Ehrenreich finally ends up securing a room in an inn only twenty minutes away from work, as opposed to at least forty-five, at the weekly rate of $245 dollars versus the original $295 dollars she spent (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 150). She was promised the opportunity to later acquire housing at $179 dollars a week, and even if she would have been able to obtain and manage two jobs, this would have amounted to about 55 percent of her income.This, in her words, was â€Å"beginning to look ‘affordable,’† despite the fact that she cites that rents usually have to be less than 30 percent of one’s income to be considered â€Å"affordable† (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 170). Regardless, Seccombe presents a statistic that further confirms Ehrenreich’s experiences to be true for a large amount of the general public as well. According to Seccombe (2006), â€Å"more than 14 million households spend more than 50 percent of their income on rent, and three quarters of these households are poor† (p. 73).In concurrence with Ehrenreich’s personal findings, Seccombe (2006) writes that even full-time workers earning only the minimum wage cannot afford to pay fair market rent in any location within the United States (p. 73). Therefore, Seccombe (2006) writes that they must instead be forced to live in â€Å"damp, dirty, crowded, dangerous, and disease-ridden housing† (p. 73). In Key West, all of Ehrenreich’s coworkers who earned approximately the same amount as her (about seven) were living with at least one other person (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 5). Ehrenreich herself even experienced poor housing conditions that could potentially lead to health problems. In addition to a missing window screen in an inn near Minneapolis, she also found mouse droppings (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 151). Such rodents, Seccombe (2006) writes, can â€Å"contribute to asthma and other respiratory problems by filling the air with rodent urinary proteins (p. 73). Older, more affordable, housing may also increase the potential of lead paint poisoning. After reading Nickel and Dimed, I came to the conclusion that Ehrenreich primarily uses a social structuralist perspective to explain why there is a â€Å"working poor† class of people in the United States. This perspective â€Å"assumes that poverty is a result of economic or social imbalances within our social structure that restrict opportunities for some people† (Seccombe, 2006, p. 94). In my opinion, Ehrenreich’s experiences led her to believe that the reason a number of â€Å"working poor† remain in poverty is because, in her words, â€Å"wages are too low and rents too high† (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 99). Something is wrong with a system, Ehrenreich (2001) came to believe, when a person such as she who is in good health and who possesses a car, cannot find a way to support herself in the most basic sense (p. 199). To provide evidence for this perspective, she goes on to cite that expenditures on public housing have decreased since the 1980s and despite the fact that wages have increased in recent years, it has not been enough to bring low-wage workers up to the amounts they were earning in 1973 (Ehrenreich, 2001).According to Seccombe (2006), another facet of the social structuralist perspective, is the belief that poverty is an inherent feature of capitalism and that control over some social structures is â€Å"designed to serve the interests and maintain the dominance of the wealthy class† (p. 95). Ehrenreich provided statements that led me to believe that she too holds this belief. She points out the fact that when the â€Å"working poor† have to work near their wealthier counterparts, as in the case of several service and retail jobs, they end up having to compete for housing in the same area.As it is clear that they don’t stand a chance, they are then â€Å"forced i nto housing that is more expensive, more dilapidated, or more distant from their places of work† (Ehrenreich, 2001, p. 200). As long as there is a great number of rich to compete with, then there will remain in place a lower class of people to serve them.